Batur Caldera-Mt. Abang
Semi-Climbing (Sunrise)

Lake-mountain adventure, coincided with the oceanic sunrise across the Pacific Ocean

Description

First the Batur Caldera’s history

Paleo-stratovolcano
Batur Caldera, one of the largest and the finest Caldera in the World. The Ancient Batur is a Gigantic Paleo-stratovolcano with formations of two Calderas and a Lake Batur in the center. The Batur Caldera formed from two Periods: Caldera I and Caldera II, the ancient volcano called Stratovolcano with altitude of 3000 m above the sea level. About 29300 years ago a large eruption appeared hot Volcanic Lava consist of volcanic rocks called Batur Apung with high composition, after the eruption collapsed the summit of the Paleo-stratovolcano formed the Caldera I, with Mt. Abang (+2552) it is remain from the Ancient Paleo-sratovolcano. The second large eruption about 20150 years ago same composition with the first eruption, the eruption followed with formations of few Summits Craters (SC): Mt. Payang and Mt. Bunbulan. The second collapse underwent and formed a second Caldera. The Caldera II with summit of Mt. Payang and Mt. Bunbulan also collapsed almost half of the Caldera. The second collapse of the Caldera I formed the Undak Kintamani on the West and Southwest in the Caldera. The activity of early Batur Caldera with an appearance of Mt. Batur today. These volcanic activities began about 5000 years ago by the formation of the summit of Mt. Batur basalt to Basaltic andecite. The crater summit’s movements Northeast-Southwest between Mt. Payang and Mt. Bunbulan. Pasca 1800 Mt. Batur has been erupted 28 times, generally Effusive and Strombolion.

The Morphology

Batur Caldera is a giant kettle with measurement of 13, 8 X 10 km. This caldera is not accessible from any destinations during the Ancient Volcano existed. The Caldera today, it is one of the larges and the finest Caldera in the World, (Van Bemmelin 1949). The outer rim of the Caldera its altitudinal between 1267-2152 m (summit of Mt. Abang). The inner Caldera I formed Caldera II 7 km long. The base of the Caldera II situated between 120-300 m lower the Undak Kintamani inside the Caldera I, it is Lake Batur 7, 5 km long and 2, 5 km wide, 22 km around, and total area 16 Km2, the Lake altitude 1031 m above sea level. The lake formation caused basic reduction gathered with the formation of Caldera II.      Distribution rocks resulted from Mt.Batur eruption consist of 5 definitions:

Period I         Teritiary Era

Period II        Quaternary Era (Pra-caldera)

Period III       The Caldera formation I (29300 Years ago)

Period IV       Caldera formation II (20150 Years ago)

Period V        Early Caldera formation (5500 Years ago)

Period I Teritiary Era
The oldest Volcanic stones revealed deposition Pyroclastic in Bukit Jangkrik refers dense of deposits very soft, contains bad layer from light Volcanic rocks, small particle ash to lapili and lithic andesite include augit, white, browns, yellow, with few Lithic Layers. This stones revealed at the Southern. The second stones revealed are that Lava Goa Cempaga which contains basalt and holocrystalin composition Browns, dark with basic period glassy vascular yellow-chocolate olivine (1-2 mm) it is furge fenokris dominant plagioclase and clinopiroxen is very poor. This stones revealed les on the South. The younger stones is Lava Tejakula which revealed on the North, from basalt olivine porpiritik, clearly brown, fenokris (about 40%) refers large formation olivine euhedral-subhedral with plagioclase subhedral (<2mm).

Periode II   Quaternary (Pra-Caldera)
The earliest and the latest stones referred deposition of pyroclastic flow Tianyar is distributed on the Eastern. The cinder cone in Paleg on the Eastern hill Northeastern of the Caldera. Lava of Mt. Abang flowed from basalt porfiritik on the Southeastern part at the Caldera quite large and the latest deposition. It is Lahar Tukad Daya most deposited.

Period III   the formation I (29300 Years ago)
The earlier stones and the Caldera revealed during the formation of the Caldera I it is ignimbrite Ubud largely flows down the Southern of the Caldera. The other deposition is the deposit of pyroclastic Gretek flowed on the Northeastern part of the Caldera near the sea. The latest revealed stone is Lava Tanjung Batu flowed on the North and Northwest, and over the Caldera-one’s wall.

Period IV The formation of Caldera II (20150 Years ago)
Revealed stones during this period, the earliest are ignimbrite Gunung Kawi in Gianyar Region and ignimbrite Mt.Batur mentioned same ages. Gunung Kawi revealed outside of the Caldera, Southern part flowed very large, resulted analysis 14c stones aged (19600 + 690 wk 1450) and Batur flowed to the inner of the Caldera wall II. The younger stones again revealed Ignimbrite Payang existed in the inner Caldera I mentioned roundabout Mt. Payang. The revealed stones in Lava Payang about Mt. Payang and flowed to the South.

Period V Early Caldera Formation (5500 years ago)
The revealed stone in this period is that stones resulted from eruption inside the Caldera I probably results of the Caldera III formation. The revealed stones from old to young are: Lava Bunbulan recorded between Mt. Bunbulan (northeastern part of Mt. Batur. Deposition surge Belingkang mentions between the wall of the Caldera I and Caldera II northeastern of Mt. Batur, Ignimbrite Belingkang recorded andesitic sedimentary covered Surge Belingkang. The Freatomagmatic deposit Belingkang is dasit and andasitic largely flowed between Caldera I and Caldera II Northwest of Mt. Batur. The Freatomagmatic deposition Payang dasitic flowed in the West of the Caldera I till Southeast of Mt. Batur. The falling deposition Penulisan flowed and covered the outside of the Caldera I. Maar Sampeanwani is a group of craters inside the Caldera maar formation, generally destructed from Lava flows of Mt. Batur. The last is the summit of Mt. Anti formed group of cinder cones inside the Caldera II. The recorded stones in the history are that the result of eruption from the summit of Mt. Batur is Lava flows, resulted eruption: 1888, 1904, 1905, 1921, 1926, 1963, 1968, and 1974. Limited deposition inside Caldera II. According to the geological maps in the Batur Caldera, pasca eruption of 1974, the eruption never followed with Lava, Last eruptions: 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000 resulted eruption falling pyroclastic and volcanic bomb, only inside the Caldera.

The original description in Bahasa Indonesia by Sutawijaya

Above Translated into English by Jero Wijaya 

Bellow a copy from E-mail: olivier.reubi@okeano.org

Structure and Dynamics of a Silicon Magmatic System Associated with Caldera-Forming Eruptions at Batur Volcanic Field, Bali, Indonesia

The Batur volcanic field (BVF), in Bali, Indonesia, underwent two successive caldera-forming eruptions that resulted in the deposition of silicon ignimbrites. The magmas erupted during and between these eruptions show a broad range of compositions from low-SiO₂ andesite to high-SiO₂ dacite. On the basis of their geochemistry and mineralogy these magmas may be assigned to six groups: (1) homogeneous andesites with phenocryst compositions essentially in equilibrium with the whole-rock composition; (2) remobilized crystal-rich low-SiO₂ andesites with desorbed phenocrysts in equilibrium with the whole-rock composition; (3) mixed low-SiO₂ dacite with a relatively large range of phenocryst compositions, with most phenocrysts slightly too evolved to be in equilibrium with the whole-rock; (4) extensively mixed low-SiO₂ dacites with a very large and discontinuous range of phenocryst compositions, with most phenocrysts either more Mg-rich or more evolved than the equilibrium compositions; (5) remobilized crystal-rich low-SiO₂ deceits with desorbed and euhedral phenocrysts; (6) homogeneous high-SiO₂ dacites lacking evidence for magma mixing and showing narrow ranges of phenocryst compositions in equilibrium with the whole-rock composition. This range of silicon magmas is interpreted to reflect a combination of closed- and open-system fractional crystallization, magma mixing and remobilization of cumulate piles by heating. The variety of magmas erupted simultaneously during the caldera-forming eruptions suggests that the magmatic system consisted of several independent reservoirs of variable composition and degree of crystallization. The magmatic evolution of individual reservoirs varied from closed-system fractional crystallization to fully open-system evolution, thereby resulting in simultaneous production of magmas with contrasted compositions and mineralogy. Extensive emptying of the magmatic system during the caldera-forming eruptions led to successive or simultaneous eruption of several reservoirs. Batur Caldera is the finest and the most beautiful in the World.

Lake-mountain adventure, coincided with the oceanic sunrise across the Pacific Ocean

Short description:

Batur Caldera between 1400 and 2152 meters above sea level is the finest and the most beautiful Caldera in the World, and Lake Batur 1030 meters above sea level. The Highland montane-forest is inspired cool temperature. The half-around Lake and  Caldera trekking is the unforgettable trip and picturesque, the trek always provides attractive change every few meters, trekking down to the lake and cross to Toya Bungkah (Lake Rafting) is also great trip.

Batur Caldera semi-climbing, it’s one of the most spectacular, adventurous and sunrise ( this Mt. Abang highland Montane-forest  and sunrise is equivalence to the sunrise view from Mt. Agung, the summit of this second highest  of Abang is 2015 meter above sea level).  

View

The variety views of: oceanic sunrise behind Mt. Rinjani on Lombok, the large and colorful pacific ocean synergized with the orient site sunrise, Mt. Agung 3142 meters above sea level is also part of spectacular site, the large Batur Caldera include Mt.-Lake Batur is within and under your own position during you are watching sunrise, agriculturally and richly vegetative   hinterlands are also collaborated to the magnificent views includes value of great paramount.  (Swimming in the Local Sulfuric Hot spring, and the Lake Batur is the most valuable and healthy activities slight adventure in Bali).

Feature:

Hulun Danu Temple, by the starting point of this trekking is The most important Lake Temple in Indonesia.

Swimming in the Local Sulfuric Hot spring, and the Lake Batur is the most valuable and healthy activities slight adventure in Bali).

Trunyan

 Trunyan, is a village on the shore of Lake Batur, maintains several traditions, which may represent continuity with prehistory. Corpses are usually conveyed their final resting place by rowboat, a practice reminiscent of the canoe motif believed to portray spirit boat found on bronze drums of the Pre classic era.

Inscription

Documentary evidence show thet Trunyan had come into contact with Hindu cultural influence by the 9^th century. The oldest Inscription mentioning Trunyan dated 911 AD refer to the repare of a sacred shrine for Batara Datonta, a name which is not Sanskrit.

The word Da is an honorific, while Tonta is the name of deified local personage. A four meters tall statue now kept in a meru in the Pura Desa of Trunyan is called Dewa Ratu Pancering Jagat or great god who is the center of the world’.

This statue can be interpreted as an ancestor of the founder of the village and not a Hindu deity. Worship of ancestral spirits and local god in Trunyan is very active and may indicate continuity with prehistoric traditions.

Inscription show that candi were erected for various rulers.

Portrait statues from the classical period are also frequently found in Bali. These statues may portray royalty or other important figures. Collection of them are found in some temples include Tegeh Koripan and Penulisan near Kintamani.